Chapter 5: Introduction to Arduino Programming

Arduino's strength lies in its union of hardware and software. While you've experienced firsthand the thrill of making an LED blink, the real magic begins when you dive deeper into Arduino's programming language. This chapter aims to give you a foundational understanding of Arduino programming, setting the stage for more intricate projects.

Basics of the Arduino Programming Language

Arduino's programming language is based on C/C++. If you've dabbled in either of these languages, you'll find many similarities. However, Arduino simplifies certain aspects, making it more approachable for beginners.

Structure of an Arduino Sketch

Every Arduino program, or "sketch", primarily consists of two functions:

1. setup(): This function runs once when the Arduino board starts up or resets. Here, you usually initialize variables, set pin modes, or start using libraries.

2. loop(): After the setup() concludes, the loop() function runs continuously. It's the heart of most Arduino programs, where readings are taken, decisions made, and actions executed.

Example:

void setup() {
  // Initialization code
}

void loop() {
  // Main program logic
}

Variables, Data Types, and Constants

Variables are storage locations in your Arduino's memory, where you can store and retrieve data. Each variable has a data type indicating the kind of data it can store.

Common Data Types:

• int: For storing integers (whole numbers). e.g., int age = 25;
• float: For storing numbers with a decimal point. e.g., float temperature = 23.5;
• char: For storing single characters. e.g., char initial = 'A';
• boolean: For storing true or false values. e.g., boolean isRaining = true;

Constants: Sometimes, you'll want a variable that shouldn't change its value. In Arduino, you can use the const keyword to make a variable constant.

Example:

const int ledPin = 13;  // This pin number will not change throughout the program

Control Structures: Loops and Conditionals

Loops allow you to execute a set of statements multiple times, while Conditionals let your program make decisions based on certain conditions.

1. For Loop: Executes a set of statements a specific number of times.

for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
  // This code will run 10 times
}

2. While Loop: Continues as long as a particular condition is true.

int count = 0;
while(count < 10) {
  // This code will run until count is no longer less than 10
  count++;
}

3. If Statement: Allows the program to execute certain code based on a condition.

if(temperature > 30) {
  // This code will run if temperature is greater than 30
}

4. If-Else Statement: Executes one block of code if the condition is true and another block if it's false.

if(isRaining) {
  // Bring an umbrella
} else {
  // Wear sunglasses
}

5. Switch Statement: Lets the program choose from multiple blocks of code based on the value of a variable.

switch(dayOfWeek) {
  case 'Monday':
    // Do Monday things
    break;
  case 'Tuesday':
    // Do Tuesday things
    break;
  // ... and so on
}

Conclusion

Programming forms the crux of what makes Arduino so versatile and powerful. With just the basics of variables, data types, loops, and conditionals, you're now equipped to craft more elaborate and interactive projects. The journey has only just begun; as you delve deeper, you'll uncover the true depth and potential of Arduino programming.