Speaker - 0.5W (8 Ohm)

Jargon buster

Plain-language definitions for the technical terms used above.

DAC

A digital-to-analogue converter turns numbers from the microcontroller into a real analogue voltage. It matters if you want to generate simple waveforms, audio-style signals, or variable control voltages rather than just on/off outputs.

Impedance

Impedance is the total opposition a component or circuit presents to alternating current, measured in ohms, combining resistance with frequency-dependent reactance. It appears in many contexts, such as matching a speaker's impedance (for example 4 ohm or 8 ohm) to an amplifier or the input and output impedance of signal circuits, and a correct match helps avoid weak signals, distortion or damage.

microcontroller

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single chip that runs a stored program and controls connected inputs and outputs such as buttons, sensors, displays and communication interfaces. In a device built around one, it is the part that executes the code and coordinates the device's behaviour.

PWM

Pulse Width Modulation is a way for a digital pin to simulate variable output power by switching on and off very quickly. It matters for controlling things like LED brightness, motor speed, or servo-style signals from a microcontroller pin.