{"examples":[{"slug":"blink-and-count","title":"Blink + count","description":"Blink the on-board LED and print a running blink count over Serial.","english":"Blink the built-in LED, and count the blinks over the serial port.\n\nSet up the built-in LED pin as an output so we can turn it on and off.\nStart the serial connection at 9600 baud.\n\nKeep a counter for how many times we've blinked, starting at 0.\n\nThen, over and over, forever:\n Turn the LED on.\n Wait 500 milliseconds.\n Turn the LED off.\n Wait another 500 milliseconds.\n Add 1 to the blink counter.\n Print \"blink \" followed by the counter to the serial port.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"void setup() {\n pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);\n Serial.begin(9600);\n}\n\nint blinkCount = 0;\nvoid loop() {\n digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);\n delay(500);\n digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);\n delay(500);\n blinkCount++;\n Serial.print(\"blink \");\n Serial.println(blinkCount);\n}","links":[{"label":"setup_begin","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup_led_output","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup_serial_begin","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"setup_end","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":4,"english_start":3},{"label":"global_counter","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop_begin","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop_led_on","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"loop_delay_on","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"loop_led_off","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"loop_delay_off","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":12,"english_start":12},{"label":"loop_increment","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":13,"english_start":13},{"label":"loop_print_label","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":14,"english_start":14},{"label":"loop_print_count","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":14,"english_start":14},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":14,"english_start":8}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":4,\"summary\":\"Configure the built-in LED as an output and start serial communication at 9600 baud.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":3},{\"english_start\":4,\"english_end\":4}]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":14,\"summary\":\"Blink the built-in LED forever, count each blink, and print the count over Serial.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":9,\"english_end\":9},{\"english_start\":10,\"english_end\":10},{\"english_start\":11,\"english_end\":11},{\"english_start\":12,\"english_end\":12},{\"english_start\":13,\"english_end\":13},{\"english_start\":14,\"english_end\":14}]}]}"},"python":{"code":"# Built-in LED setup would be hardware-specific; this script simulates the blink.\n# Serial at 9600 baud would be configured here in hardware-specific code.\ncount = 0\nwhile True:\n print(\"LED on\")\n time.sleep(0.5)\n print(\"LED off\")\n time.sleep(0.5)\n count += 1\n print(f\"blink {count}\")\nimport time","links":[{"label":"comment","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"comment","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"statement","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop_body","code_end":6,"code_start":5,"english_end":10,"english_start":9},{"label":"loop_body","code_end":8,"code_start":7,"english_end":12,"english_start":11},{"label":"statement","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":13,"english_start":13},{"label":"statement","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":14,"english_start":14},{"label":"import","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":1,"english_start":1}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"ruby":{"code":"pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT)\nSerial.begin(9600)\nblink_count = 0\nloop do\n digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH)\n sleep(0.5)\n digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW)\n sleep(0.5)\n blink_count += 1\n Serial.print(\"blink \")\n Serial.println(blink_count)\nend","links":[{"label":"setup","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"setup","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"loop","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"loop","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"loop","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":12,"english_start":12},{"label":"loop","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":13,"english_start":13},{"label":"loop","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":14,"english_start":14},{"label":"loop","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":14,"english_start":14},{"label":"loop","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":14,"english_start":8}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"let blinkCount = 0;\nconst ledPin = 'built-in LED';\nconsole.log('Serial started at 9600 baud');\nconst blink = () => {\n console.log('LED on');\n setTimeout(() => {\n console.log('LED off');\n setTimeout(() => {\n blinkCount += 1;\n console.log(`blink ${blinkCount}`);\n blink();\n }, 500);\n }, 500);\n};\n\nblink();","links":[{"label":"initialize counter","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"set up LED pin","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"start serial","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"begin loop","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"turn LED on","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"wait 500 ms","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"turn LED off","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"wait another 500 ms","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":12,"english_start":12},{"label":"increment counter","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":13,"english_start":13},{"label":"print count","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":14,"english_start":14},{"label":"repeat forever","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":14,"english_start":14},{"label":"end second wait","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":14,"english_start":14},{"label":"end first wait","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":14,"english_start":14},{"label":"end loop","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"start blinking","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":8,"english_start":8}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"blink\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":14,\"summary\":\"Runs the endless blink cycle with 500 ms delays and serial count output.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":14,\"english_end\":14},{\"english_start\":10,\"english_end\":10},{\"english_start\":12,\"english_end\":12}]}]}"}}},{"slug":"blink-without-delay","title":"Blink without delay","description":"Same blink, but using a timer (millis) so the loop never blocks.","english":"Blink the built-in LED roughly twice a second, but never use delay() — the loop should stay free to do other things.\n\nSet up the built-in LED pin as an output.\nRemember the last time we toggled the LED, and whether it's currently on.\n\nEvery time through the loop:\n Look at how long it's been since we last toggled the LED.\n If it's been at least 500 milliseconds, flip the LED (on if it was off, off if it was on) and remember this as the new toggle time.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"bool ledState = false;\nunsigned long lastToggleTime = 0;\n\nvoid setup() {\n pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n unsigned long elapsed = millis() - lastToggleTime;\n if (elapsed >= 500) {\n ledState = !ledState;\n digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, ledState ? HIGH : LOW);\n lastToggleTime = millis();\n }\n}","links":[{"label":"state","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"state","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"function","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_end","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"function_end","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":6,"english_start":6}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":3,\"summary\":\"Set the built-in LED pin as an output.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":3}]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":6,\"english_end\":8,\"summary\":\"Toggle the built-in LED about every 500 ms without blocking.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":7},{\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":8}]}]}"},"ruby":{"code":"LED_PIN = :LED_BUILTIN\ndef setup\n pin_mode(LED_PIN, :output)\nend\n@led_on = false\n@last_toggle_time = millis\ndef loop\n now = millis\n if now - @last_toggle_time >= 500\n @led_on = !@led_on\n digital_write(LED_PIN, @led_on ? :high : :low)\n @last_toggle_time = now\n end\nend\n\nsetup\nloop do\n loop\n sleep 0.001\nend","links":[{"label":"constant","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"function_start","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_end","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"state","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"state","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"function_start","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":8,"english_start":6},{"label":"statement","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":8,"english_start":7},{"label":"conditional","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":7},{"label":"statement","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"conditional_end","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":8,"english_start":7},{"label":"function_end","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":8,"english_start":6},{"label":"call","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":8,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop_start","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":8,"english_start":6},{"label":"call","code_end":18,"code_start":18,"english_end":8,"english_start":6},{"label":"yield","code_end":19,"code_start":19,"english_end":8,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":20,"code_start":20,"english_end":8,"english_start":6}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":3,\"summary\":\"Set the built-in LED pin as an output.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":3}]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":6,\"english_end\":8,\"summary\":\"Check elapsed time and toggle the LED every 500 milliseconds without blocking.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":8},{\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":8}]}]}"},"python":{"code":"LED_PIN = \"BUILTIN_LED\"\nled_is_on = False\nlast_toggle_time = time.monotonic()\nimport time\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n while True:\n now = time.monotonic()\n if now - last_toggle_time >= 0.5:\n led_is_on = not led_is_on\n last_toggle_time = now\n print(f\"LED {'ON' if led_is_on else 'OFF'}\")\n time.sleep(0.01)","links":[{"label":"set_up_pin","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"remember_state","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"remember_toggle_time","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"import_time","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"main_loop","code_end":13,"code_start":6,"english_end":8,"english_start":6}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const ledPin = LED_BUILTIN;\nlet ledOn = false;\nlet lastToggle = 0;\n\nfunction setup() {\n pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);\n}\n\nfunction loop() {\n const now = millis();\n if (now - lastToggle >= 500) {\n ledOn = !ledOn;\n digitalWrite(ledPin, ledOn ? HIGH : LOW);\n lastToggle = now;\n }\n}","links":[{"label":"declare LED pin","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"track LED state","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"track last toggle time","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"setup function start","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"configure LED pin output","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup function end","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"loop function start","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":6},{"label":"read current time","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":7},{"label":"check half-second elapsed","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":7},{"label":"flip LED state","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"write LED state","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"store new toggle time","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"end if","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop function end","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":8,"english_start":8}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":3,\"summary\":\"Configure the built-in LED pin as an output.\",\"calls\":[]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":6,\"english_end\":8,\"summary\":\"Check elapsed time and toggle the LED about twice per second without blocking.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":8}]}]}"}}},{"slug":"fade-an-led","title":"Fade an LED","description":"Smoothly fade an LED up and down with PWM (analogWrite).","english":"Smoothly fade an LED up and down, over and over.\n\nThe LED is on a PWM-capable pin.\nSet that pin as an output.\nKeep a brightness value (0 to 255) and a step amount.\n\nForever:\n Write the current brightness to the LED pin.\n Add the step to the brightness.\n If the brightness has reached 0 or 255, reverse the direction of the step.\n Wait about 20 milliseconds so the fade is visible.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"const int ledPin = 9;\nint brightness = 0;\nint stepAmount = 5;\nvoid setup() {\n pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n analogWrite(ledPin, brightness);\n brightness += stepAmount;\n if (brightness <= 0 || brightness >= 255) {\n stepAmount = -stepAmount;\n }\n delay(20);\n}","links":[{"label":"declaration","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"declaration","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"declaration","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"function_start","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":4,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"function_end","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"function_start","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":11,"english_start":7},{"label":"statement","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"if_start","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"statement","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"if_end","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"statement","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"function_end","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":11,"english_start":11}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":4,\"summary\":\"Set the LED pin as an output.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":4,\"english_end\":4}]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":11,\"summary\":\"Continuously fade the LED up and down with a short delay.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":8},{\"english_start\":9,\"english_end\":9},{\"english_start\":10,\"english_end\":10},{\"english_start\":11,\"english_end\":11}]}]}"},"python":{"code":"from machine import Pin, PWM\n\nled = PWM(Pin(0))\nled.freq(1000)\nbrightness = 0\nstep = 5\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n while True:\n led.duty_u16(brightness * 257)\n brightness += step\n if brightness <= 0 or brightness >= 255:\n step = -step\n import time\n time.sleep(0.02)","links":[{"label":"setup","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":4,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":4,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":4,"english_start":3},{"label":"state","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"state","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"entry","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":11,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":11,"english_start":7},{"label":"output","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"update","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"check","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"reverse","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"sleep_import","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"delay","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":11,"english_start":11}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"ruby":{"code":"LED_PIN = 9\n\nbrightness_pin = LED_PIN\n# Set that pin as an output.\nbrightness = 0\nstep = 1\nloop do\n puts \"PWM #{brightness_pin}: #{brightness}\"\n brightness += step\n if brightness <= 0 || brightness >= 255\n step = -step\n end\n sleep 0.02\nend","links":[{"label":"setup","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":4,"english_start":3},{"label":"comment","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"state","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"state","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"write","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"update","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"condition","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"reverse","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"end","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"delay","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"end","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":11,"english_start":11}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const five = require('johnny-five');\nconst board = new five.Board();\n\nboard.on('ready', () => {\n const led = new five.Led(9);\n let brightness = 0;\n let step = 5;\n const fade = () => {\n led.brightness(brightness);\n brightness += step;\n if (brightness <= 0 || brightness >= 255) {\n step = -step;\n }\n setTimeout(fade, 20);\n };\n fade();\n});","links":[{"label":"setup","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":4,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":5,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":3},{"label":"state","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"state","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":11,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"loop","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"loop","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"loop","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"loop","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"loop","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":11,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":11,"english_start":7},{"label":"setup","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":5,"english_start":3}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"fade\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":11,\"summary\":\"Continuously write the LED brightness, update it, reverse direction at the endpoints, and schedule the next update.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":11,\"english_end\":11}]}]}"}}},{"slug":"button-to-led","title":"Button → LED","description":"Mirror a pushbutton (using the internal pull-up) onto the LED.","english":"Light the built-in LED while a pushbutton is held down, and turn it off when the button is released.\n\nThe button connects a pin to ground when pressed, so use the internal pull-up resistor — the pin reads HIGH when the button is up and LOW when it's pressed.\nSet the button pin as an input with pull-up, and the LED pin as an output.\n\nForever:\n Read the button.\n If the button is pressed, turn the LED on; otherwise turn it off.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"const int buttonPin = 2;\nconst int ledPin = LED_BUILTIN;\nvoid setup() {\n pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP);\n pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);\n}\nvoid loop() {\n int buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);\n if (buttonState == LOW) {\n digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);\n } else {\n digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);\n }\n}","links":[{"label":"declaration","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"declaration","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"function_start","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"statement","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"statement","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"function_end","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"function_start","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"statement","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"control","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"control","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"control","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"function_end","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":8,"english_start":6}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":4,\"english_end\":4,\"summary\":\"Configure the button as an internal pull-up input and the built-in LED as an output.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":4,\"english_end\":4}]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":6,\"english_end\":8,\"summary\":\"Continuously read the button and mirror its pressed state to the LED.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":7},{\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":8}]}]}"},"python":{"code":"from machine import Pin\nled = Pin(\"LED\", Pin.OUT)\nbutton = Pin(0, Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_UP)\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\"\n while True:\n if button.value() == 0:\n led.value(1)\n else:\n led.value(0)","links":[{"label":"import","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"setup","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"entry","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":8,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":8,"english_start":6},{"label":"condition","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"then","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"else","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"else_body","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":8}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"ruby":{"code":"LED_PIN = 13\nBUTTON_PIN = 2\npin_mode(BUTTON_PIN, :input_pullup)\npin_mode(LED_PIN, :output)\n\nloop do\n pressed = (digital_read(BUTTON_PIN) == :low)\n digital_write(LED_PIN, pressed ? :high : :low)\nend","links":[{"label":"constant","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"constant","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"setup","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"loop","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":8,"english_start":6},{"label":"read_button","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"set_led","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":6}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const five = require('johnny-five');\nconst board = new five.Board();\nboard.on('ready', () => {\n const button = new five.Button({ pin: 2, isPullup: true });\n const led = new five.Led(13);\n button.on('change', () => {\n if (button.isDown) {\n led.on();\n } else {\n led.off();\n }\n });\n});","links":[{"label":"setup","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"hardware","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"hardware","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"loop","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":8,"english_start":6},{"label":"conditional","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":8,"english_start":7},{"label":"action","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"conditional","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"action","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"conditional","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":8,"english_start":6},{"label":"setup","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":4,"english_start":4}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"}}},{"slug":"serial-hello-counter","title":"Serial: hello + counter","description":"Print \"Hello\" once, then count up once a second over Serial.","english":"Talk to the computer over the serial port.\n\nStart the serial connection at 9600 baud and print \"Hello, world!\" once.\nKeep a counter starting at zero.\n\nForever:\n Add one to the counter.\n Print \"tick \" followed by the counter.\n Wait one second.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"python":{"code":"import argparse\nimport time\nimport serial\n\nparser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\nparser.add_argument(\"port\")\nargs = parser.parse_args()\nser = serial.Serial(args.port, 9600)\nprint(\"Hello, world!\")\ncounter = 0\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n while True:\n counter += 1\n print(f\"tick {counter}\")\n time.sleep(1)","links":[{"label":"import","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"import","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"import","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"output","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"state","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"entrypoint","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":9,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop_body","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop_body","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop_body","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":9,"english_start":9}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"cpp":{"code":"long counter = 0;\n\nvoid setup() {\n Serial.begin(9600);\n Serial.println(\"Hello, world!\");\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n counter++;\n Serial.print(\"tick \");\n Serial.println(counter);\n delay(1000);\n}","links":[{"label":"declaration","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"function_start","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_end","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_start","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"statement","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"statement","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"function_end","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":6,"english_start":6}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":3,\"summary\":\"Start the serial connection and print a greeting once.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":3}]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":6,\"english_end\":9,\"summary\":\"Increment the counter, print the tick message, and wait one second.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":8},{\"english_start\":9,\"english_end\":9}]}]}"},"ruby":{"code":"require 'serialport'\nport_name = ARGV[0] || '/dev/ttyUSB0'\nserial = SerialPort.new(port_name, 9600, 8, 1, SerialPort::NONE)\nserial.puts 'Hello, world!'\ncounter = 0\nloop do\n counter += 1\n serial.puts \"tick #{counter}\"\n sleep 1\nend","links":[{"label":"require serial port support","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"choose serial port","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"open serial connection at 9600 baud","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"print greeting once","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"initialize counter","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"forever loop start","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"increment counter","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"print tick and counter","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"wait one second","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"forever loop end","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":6,"english_start":6}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const { SerialPort } = require('serialport');\nconst portPath = process.argv[2];\nconst port = new SerialPort({ path: portPath, baudRate: 9600 });\nport.write('Hello, world!\\n');\nlet counter = 0;\n\nconst wait = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));\n(async () => {\n for (;;) {\n counter += 1;\n port.write(`tick ${counter}\\n`);\n await wait(1000);\n }\n})();","links":[{"label":"import serial support","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"get port path","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"open serial connection","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"send greeting","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"initialize counter","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"delay helper","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":9,"english_start":6},{"label":"start loop","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":9,"english_start":6},{"label":"infinite loop","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":9,"english_start":6},{"label":"increment counter","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"print tick","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"wait 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read_sensor()\n print(value)\n time.sleep(0.1)","links":[{"label":"import","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"import","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"function","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"entry","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":8,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":8,"english_start":5},{"label":"read","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"output","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"delay","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":8,"english_start":8}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"read_sensor\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":3,\"summary\":\"Read the analog value from A0 when supported, otherwise return a fallback value.\",\"calls\":[]}]}"},"ruby":{"code":"require 'arduino_firmata'\nboard = ArduinoFirmata.connect\nloop do\n value = board.analog_read(0)\n puts value\n sleep 0.1\nend","links":[{"label":"require hardware library","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"connect to board","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"forever loop","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"read analog value on A0","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"print value","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"wait 100 milliseconds","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"end loop","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":5,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const { Board, Sensor } = require(\"johnny-five\");\nconst board = new Board();\n\nboard.on(\"ready\", () => {\n const sensor = new Sensor(\"A0\");\n this.io.serialConfig({ baud: 9600 });\n setInterval(() => {\n console.log(sensor.value);\n }, 100);\n});","links":[{"label":"setup","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"loop","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":8,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"loop","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"loop","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":7,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":7,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"cpp":{"code":"const int sensorPin = A0;\nvoid setup() {\n Serial.begin(9600);\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n int sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);\n Serial.println(sensorValue);\n delay(100);\n}","links":[{"label":"declaration","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"function_start","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_end","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_start","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"statement","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"statement","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"statement","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"function_end","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":5,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"}}},{"slug":"echo-what-you-type","title":"Echo what you type","description":"Read a line from the Serial Monitor and echo it back (and blink).","english":"Echo back anything typed into the Serial Monitor, and blink the LED each time.\n\nStart the serial connection at 9600 baud, set the built-in LED pin as an output, and print \"Type something and press Enter...\".\n\nForever:\n If there is serial input waiting:\n Read a whole line (up to the newline) and trim the whitespace off it.\n Print \"you said: \" followed by that line.\n Blink the LED briefly (on, short pause, off).\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"void setup() {\n Serial.begin(9600);\n pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);\n Serial.println(\"Type something and press Enter...\");\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n if (Serial.available() > 0) {\n String line = Serial.readStringUntil('\\n');\n line.trim();\n Serial.print(\"you said: \");\n Serial.println(line);\n digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);\n delay(100);\n digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);\n delay(100);\n }\n}","links":[{"label":"function_start","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_end","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_start","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"statement","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"statement","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"statement","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"statement","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":9,"english_start":6},{"label":"function_end","code_end":18,"code_start":18,"english_end":9,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":3,\"summary\":\"Initialize serial at 9600 baud, configure the built-in LED as an output, and print the prompt.\",\"calls\":[]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":9,\"summary\":\"Wait for serial input, read and trim a line, echo it back with a prefix, and blink the LED briefly.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":6,\"english_end\":9}]}]}"},"python":{"code":"import sys\n\nprint('Type something and press Enter...')\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n while True:\n try:\n line = input()\n except EOFError:\n break\n line = line.strip()\n print('you said: ' + line)\n print('LED on')\n sys.stdout.flush()\n print('LED off')","links":[{"label":"import","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"greeting","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"entry","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"input-check","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"read-line","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":7,"english_start":6},{"label":"eof","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"break","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"trim","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"echo","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"blink-on","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"flush","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"blink-off","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":9,"english_start":9}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"ruby":{"code":"serial = Serial.new('/dev/ttyUSB0', 9600)\nled_pin = :built_in_led\nputs 'Type something and press Enter...'\nloop do\n if serial.available? > 0\n line = serial.gets.chomp\n puts \"you said: #{line}\"\n digital_write(led_pin, :high)\n sleep 0.1\n digital_write(led_pin, :low)\n end\nend","links":[{"label":"Start the serial connection at 9600 baud","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"set the built-in LED pin as an output","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"and print \"Type something and press Enter...\"","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"Forever:","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"If there is serial input waiting:","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"Read a whole line (up to the newline) and trim the whitespace off it.","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"Print \"you said: \" followed by that line.","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"Blink the LED briefly (on, short pause, off).","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"Blink the LED briefly (on, short pause, off).","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"Blink the LED briefly (on, short pause, off).","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":9,"english_start":6},{"label":"","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const readline = require('readline');\nconst rl = readline.createInterface({\n input: process.stdin,\n output: process.stdout,\n terminal: false,\n});\nconsole.log('Type something and press Enter...');\nconst blinkLed = () => {\n console.log('[LED ON]');\n setTimeout(() => {\n console.log('[LED OFF]');\n }, 100);\n};\n\nrl.on('line', (line) => {\n const text = line.trim();\n console.log(`you said: ${text}`);\n blinkLed();\n});","links":[{"label":"setup","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"prompt","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"function","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"function","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"function","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"function","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"function","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"event","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"process","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"output","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"action","code_end":18,"code_start":18,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"event","code_end":19,"code_start":19,"english_end":9,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"blinkLed\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":9,\"english_end\":9,\"summary\":\"Simulate a brief LED blink by logging on/off messages with a short delay.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":9,\"english_end\":9}]}]}"}}},{"slug":"play-a-little-melody","title":"Play a little melody","description":"Play a C-major scale on a piezo buzzer wired to pin 8.","english":"Play a short tune on a piezo buzzer connected to pin 8, then stop.\n\nMake a list of note frequencies for a C major scale: 262, 294, 330, 349, 392, 440, 494, 523 Hz.\n\nIn setup, for each note in the list:\n Play the note on pin 8 for about 300 milliseconds.\n Wait a touch longer than that so the notes don't run together, then stop the tone.\n\nThe loop does nothing — the tune plays once.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"const int buzzerPin = 8;\nconst int notes[] = {262, 294, 330, 349, 392, 440, 494, 523};\nconst int noteCount = sizeof(notes) / sizeof(notes[0]);\nvoid setup() {\n for (int i = 0; i < noteCount; i++) {\n tone(buzzerPin, notes[i]);\n delay(300);\n delay(100);\n noTone(buzzerPin);\n }\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n}","links":[{"label":"declaration","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"declaration","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"declaration","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":7,"english_start":5},{"label":"action","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"action","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"action","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"action","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":7,"english_start":5},{"label":"function_end","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":7,"english_start":5},{"label":"function","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"function_end","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":9,"english_start":9}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":7,\"summary\":\"Plays each note in the scale once on the buzzer with short gaps, then stops the tone after each note.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":6,\"english_end\":6},{\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":7}]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":9,\"english_end\":9,\"summary\":\"Does nothing so the tune only plays once.\",\"calls\":[]}]}"},"python":{"code":"import time\nnotes = [262, 294, 330, 349, 392, 440, 494, 523]\ndef play_tone(pin, frequency, duration_ms):\n print(f\"Playing {frequency} Hz on pin {pin} for {duration_ms} ms\")\n time.sleep(duration_ms / 1000.0)\n print(f\"Stopping tone on pin {pin}\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n pin = 8\n for note in notes:\n play_tone(pin, note, 300)\n time.sleep(0.1)","links":[{"label":"import","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"data","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":7,"english_start":5},{"label":"function body","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":7,"english_start":5},{"label":"function body","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":7,"english_start":5},{"label":"function body","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":7,"english_start":5},{"label":"entry","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"main","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop body","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop body","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"play_tone\",\"params\":[\"pin\",\"frequency\",\"duration_ms\"],\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":7,\"summary\":\"Simulates playing a tone on a pin for the requested duration, then stopping it.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":7}]}]}"},"ruby":{"code":"notes = [262, 294, 330, 349, 392, 440, 494, 523]\n\ndef tone(pin, frequency)\n puts \"tone on pin \"+pin.to_s+\": \"+frequency.to_s+\" Hz\"\nend\n\ndef no_tone(pin)\n puts \"stop tone on pin \"+pin.to_s\nend\n\ndef setup(notes)\n notes.each do |frequency|\n tone(8, frequency)\n sleep 0.3\n sleep 0.35\n no_tone(8)\n end\nend\n\ndef loop\nend\nsetup(notes)\nloop","links":[{"label":"create note list","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"tone helper","code_end":5,"code_start":3,"english_end":7,"english_start":5},{"label":"no_tone helper","code_end":9,"code_start":7,"english_end":7,"english_start":5},{"label":"start setup and iterate notes","code_end":12,"code_start":11,"english_end":7,"english_start":5},{"label":"play each note briefly","code_end":14,"code_start":13,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"pause a little longer, then stop each note","code_end":18,"code_start":15,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"empty loop","code_end":21,"code_start":20,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"run the tune once","code_end":22,"code_start":22,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"call empty loop","code_end":23,"code_start":23,"english_end":9,"english_start":9}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"tone\",\"params\":[\"pin\",\"frequency\"],\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":7,\"summary\":\"Print a simulated tone action for the given pin and frequency.\",\"calls\":[]},{\"name\":\"no_tone\",\"params\":[\"pin\"],\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":7,\"summary\":\"Print a simulated stop-tone action for the given pin.\",\"calls\":[]},{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[\"notes\"],\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":7,\"summary\":\"Play each note in the scale once on pin 8 with a short delay and then stop the tone.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":6,\"english_end\":6},{\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":7}]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":9,\"english_end\":9,\"summary\":\"Do nothing.\",\"calls\":[]}]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const pin = 8;\nconst notes = [262, 294, 330, 349, 392, 440, 494, 523];\n\nconst playTone = (frequency, durationMs) => {\n console.log(`tone on pin ${pin}: ${frequency} Hz for ${durationMs} ms`);\n};\n\nconst stopTone = () => {\n console.log(`stop tone on pin ${pin}`);\n};\n\nconst sleep = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));\n\n(async () => {\n for (const note of notes) {\n playTone(note, 300);\n await sleep(350);\n stopTone();\n }\n})();","links":[{"label":"declaration","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"declaration","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_start","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"function_body","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"function_end","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"function_start","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"function_body","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"function_end","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"declaration","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"async_start","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop_start","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop_body","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop_body","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop_body","code_end":18,"code_start":18,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":19,"code_start":19,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"async_end","code_end":20,"code_start":20,"english_end":9,"english_start":9}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"playTone\",\"params\":[\"frequency\",\"durationMs\"],\"english_start\":6,\"english_end\":6,\"summary\":\"Logs that a tone would play on pin 8 for a given duration.\",\"calls\":[]},{\"name\":\"stopTone\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":7,\"summary\":\"Logs that the tone would stop on pin 8.\",\"calls\":[]},{\"name\":\"sleep\",\"params\":[\"ms\"],\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":7,\"summary\":\"Returns a promise that resolves after the given delay.\",\"calls\":[]}]}"}}},{"slug":"reusable-beep-step","title":"A reusable \"beep\" step","description":"Names \"play a beep at a pitch\" once, then calls it several times — shows the ƒ function decorations & the named ribbon.","english":"Play a little sequence of beeps on a piezo buzzer wired to pin 8.\n\nHere's how to play a beep at a given pitch:\n Play a tone on pin 8 at that pitch for 120 milliseconds.\n Then stop the tone and wait 80 milliseconds before returning.\n\nStart the serial connection at 9600 baud.\n\nOver and over, forever:\n Play a beep at 880 Hz.\n Play a beep at 660 Hz.\n Play a beep at 990 Hz.\n Print \"beeped!\" to the serial port.\n Wait one second before the next round.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"void beepAtPitch(int pitch) {\n tone(8, pitch, 120);\n delay(120);\n noTone(8);\n delay(80);\n}\n\nvoid setup() {\n Serial.begin(9600);\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n beepAtPitch(880);\n beepAtPitch(660);\n beepAtPitch(990);\n Serial.println(\"beeped!\");\n delay(1000);\n}","links":[{"label":"function signature","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":5,"english_start":3},{"label":"play tone","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"wait while tone plays","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"stop tone","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"pause before returning","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"end function","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":5,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup 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pitch\"],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":5,\"summary\":\"Plays a tone on pin 8 for 120 ms, stops it, then waits 80 ms.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":4,\"english_end\":4},{\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":5}]}]}"},"python":{"code":"import time\n\nprint(\"Serial connection started at 9600 baud\")\n\ndef beep(pitch):\n print(f\"Tone on pin 8 at {pitch} Hz for 120 ms\")\n time.sleep(0.12)\n print(\"Stop tone\")\n time.sleep(0.08)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n while True:\n beep(880)\n beep(660)\n beep(990)\n print(\"beeped!\")\n time.sleep(1)","links":[{"label":"import","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"serial_start","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"function_def","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_body","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":5,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_body","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":5,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_body","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":5,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_body","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":5,"english_start":3},{"label":"entrypoint","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":14,"english_start":9},{"label":"loop","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":14,"english_start":9},{"label":"call","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"call","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"call","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":12,"english_start":12},{"label":"print","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":13,"english_start":13},{"label":"sleep","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":14,"english_start":14}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"beep\",\"params\":[\"pitch\"],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":5,\"summary\":\"Play a tone at the given pitch for 120 milliseconds, then stop and wait 80 milliseconds.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":4,\"english_end\":4},{\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":5}]}]}"},"ruby":{"code":"PIN = 8\ndef beep(pitch)\n puts \"tone on pin #{PIN} at #{pitch} Hz for 120 ms\"\n sleep 0.08\nend\nputs \"serial connection started at 9600 baud\"\nloop do\n beep 880\n beep 660\n beep 990\n puts \"beeped!\"\n sleep 1\nend","links":[{"label":"setup","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"function","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":5,"english_start":3},{"label":"function","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"function","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"function","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"setup","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"loop-body","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"loop-body","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"loop-body","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":12,"english_start":12},{"label":"loop-body","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":13,"english_start":13},{"label":"loop-body","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":14,"english_start":14},{"label":"loop","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":14,"english_start":9}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"beep\",\"params\":[\"pitch\"],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":5,\"summary\":\"Play one beep at the given pitch by announcing the tone and waiting before stopping.\",\"calls\":[]}]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const sleep = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));\nconst SERIAL_BAUD = 9600;\nconst BUZZER_PIN = 8;\nconsole.log(`Serial connection started at ${SERIAL_BAUD} baud.`);\nasync function playBeep(pitch) {\n console.log(`Tone on pin ${BUZZER_PIN} at ${pitch} Hz for 120 ms.`);\n await sleep(120);\n console.log(`Stop tone on pin ${BUZZER_PIN}.`);\n await sleep(80);\n}\nasync function main() {\n while (true) {\n await playBeep(880);\n await playBeep(660);\n await playBeep(990);\n console.log('beeped!');\n await sleep(1000);\n }\n}\n\nmain().catch((error) => {\n console.error(error);\n process.exitCode = 1;\n});","links":[{"label":"declaration","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"declaration","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"declaration","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"statement","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"function_start","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"statement","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"statement","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"statement","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"function_end","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"function_start","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":14,"english_start":9},{"label":"loop_start","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":14,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"statement","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"statement","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":12,"english_start":12},{"label":"statement","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":13,"english_start":13},{"label":"statement","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":14,"english_start":14},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":18,"code_start":18,"english_end":14,"english_start":9},{"label":"function_end","code_end":19,"code_start":19,"english_end":14,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":21,"code_start":21,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":22,"code_start":22,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":23,"code_start":23,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":24,"code_start":24,"english_end":9,"english_start":9}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"playBeep\",\"params\":[\"pitch\"],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":5,\"summary\":\"Plays one beep at the given pitch, then stops and pauses briefly.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":4,\"english_end\":4},{\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":5},{\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":5},{\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":5}]},{\"name\":\"main\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":9,\"english_end\":14,\"summary\":\"Runs the repeating three-beep sequence and prints a message after each round.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":10,\"english_end\":10},{\"english_start\":11,\"english_end\":11},{\"english_start\":12,\"english_end\":12},{\"english_start\":13,\"english_end\":13},{\"english_start\":14,\"english_end\":14}]}]}"}}},{"slug":"plot-a5-voltage","title":"Plot the A5 voltage","description":"Read analog pin A5 ~20×/s and print \"A5:raw,volts:v\" so the Plot tab can graph it live (and the Data tab can log it).","english":"Read the analog input on pin A5 — that's the voltage on the wire, somewhere between 0 and 5 volts — and stream it to the serial port so the Plot tab can graph it live.\n\nStart the serial connection at 9600 baud.\n\nOver and over, about twenty times a second:\n Read the analog value on pin A5. It comes back as a whole number from 0 (0 volts) to 1023 (5 volts).\n Work out the voltage: divide the reading by 1023 and multiply by 5.\n Print one line with two labelled numbers — the raw reading as \"A5\" and the voltage (to two decimal places) as \"volts\" — like \"A5:512,volts:2.50\".\n Wait about 50 milliseconds before the next reading.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"void setup() {\n Serial.begin(9600);\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n int reading = analogRead(A5);\n float voltage = reading * 5.0 / 1023.0;\n Serial.print(\"A5:\");\n Serial.print(reading);\n Serial.print(\",volts:\");\n Serial.println(voltage, 2);\n delay(50);\n}","links":[{"label":"function","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_end","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"statement","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"statement","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"statement","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"function_end","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":9,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":3,\"summary\":\"Starts the serial connection at 9600 baud.\",\"calls\":[]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":9,\"summary\":\"Repeatedly reads A5, converts the reading to voltage, prints both values, and waits 50 ms.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":6,\"english_end\":6},{\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":7},{\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":8},{\"english_start\":9,\"english_end\":9}]}]}"},"ruby":{"code":"Serial.begin(9600)\n\nloop do\n reading = analogRead(:A5)\n voltage = reading.to_f / 1023 * 5\n Serial.println(\"A5:#{reading},volts:#{format('%.2f', voltage)}\")\n sleep 0.05\nend","links":[{"label":"setup","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"loop_start","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"read_analog","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"compute_voltage","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"print_values","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"delay","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":9,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"python":{"code":"import time\ntry:\n from machine import ADC, Pin\nexcept ImportError:\n ADC = Pin = None\nBAUD_RATE = 9600\nDELAY_SECONDS = 0.05\nif Pin is not None:\n sensor = ADC(Pin(\"A5\"))\nelse:\n sensor = None\nwhile True:\n reading = sensor.read()\n voltage = reading / 1023 * 5\n print(f\"A5:{reading},volts:{voltage:.2f}\")\n time.sleep(DELAY_SECONDS)","links":[{"label":"import","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"import","code_end":5,"code_start":2,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"constant","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"constant","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"setup","code_end":9,"code_start":8,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":11,"code_start":10,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"loop","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop-body","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop-body","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop-body","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop-body","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":9,"english_start":9}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"function setup() {\n Serial.begin(9600);\n}\n\nfunction loop() {\n const reading = analogRead(A5);\n const voltage = (reading / 1023) * 5;\n Serial.println(`A5:${reading},volts:${voltage.toFixed(2)}`);\n delay(50);\n}","links":[{"label":"function_start","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"serial_baud","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_end","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_start","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"read_analog","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"compute_voltage","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"print_values","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"wait","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"function_end","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":9,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":3,\"summary\":\"Start the serial connection at 9600 baud.\",\"calls\":[]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":9,\"summary\":\"Repeatedly read A5, convert to voltage, print both values, and pause about 50 ms.\",\"calls\":[]}]}"}}},{"slug":"pot-button-stream","title":"Pot + button → stream A5 and D7","description":"Send the A5 potentiometer and the D7 button ~30×/s as \"pot:NNN,d7:0|1\" — pairs with the Drum pad and Asteroids demos on the App tab.","english":"Read a potentiometer on pin A5 and a pushbutton on pin 7, and stream both to the serial port fast enough to drive a game — about thirty times a second.\n\nStart the serial connection at 9600 baud.\nSet pin 7 as an input using the internal pull-up resistor, so it reads HIGH when the button is open and LOW when it is pressed.\n\nOver and over:\n Read the analog value on A5 — a whole number from 0 to 1023.\n Read pin 7. Because of the pull-up it reads LOW when the button is pressed, so call that 1, and not-pressed 0.\n Print one line with two labelled numbers: the pot reading as \"pot\" and the button state as \"d7\" — like \"pot:512,d7:0\".\n Wait about 30 milliseconds.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"python":{"code":"import time\nfrom machine import ADC, Pin\n\npot = ADC('A5')\nbutton = Pin(7, Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_UP)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n while True:\n pot_value = pot.read_u16() // 64\n button_value = 1 if button.value() == 0 else 0\n print(f\"pot:{pot_value},d7:{button_value}\")\n time.sleep(0.03)","links":[{"label":"import time","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":4,"english_start":3},{"label":"import machine","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":4,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup potentiometer","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":4,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup button","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":4,"english_start":3},{"label":"entry point","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":10,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":10,"english_start":6},{"label":"read pot","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"read button","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"print line","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"delay","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":10,"english_start":10}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"cpp":{"code":"const int potPin = A5;\nconst int buttonPin = 7;\nvoid setup() {\n Serial.begin(9600);\n pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP);\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n int potValue = analogRead(potPin);\n int buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin) == LOW ? 1 : 0;\n Serial.print(\"pot:\");\n Serial.print(potValue);\n Serial.print(\",d7:\");\n Serial.println(buttonState);\n delay(30);\n}","links":[{"label":"declaration","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"declaration","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"function_start","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"function_end","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"function_start","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"statement","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"statement","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"function_end","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":10,"english_start":10}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setup\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":3,\"english_end\":4,\"summary\":\"Start serial at 9600 baud and configure pin 7 with the internal pull-up resistor.\",\"calls\":[]},{\"name\":\"loop\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":6,\"english_end\":10,\"summary\":\"Repeatedly read the potentiometer and button, print a labeled line, then wait about 30 ms.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":7},{\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":8}]}]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const BAUD = 9600;\nconst SAMPLE_MS = 30;\nconst POT_PIN = 'A5';\nconst BUTTON_PIN = 7;\n\nconsole.log(`Serial started at ${BAUD} baud`);\nconsole.log(`Pin ${BUTTON_PIN} set as input with internal pull-up`);\n\nsetInterval(() => {\n const pot = 0;\n const d7 = 0;\n console.log(`pot:${pot},d7:${d7}`);\n}, SAMPLE_MS);","links":[{"label":"setup","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"serial","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":4,"english_start":3},{"label":"pin-setup","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":4,"english_start":4},{"label":"loop-start","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":10,"english_start":6},{"label":"read-pot","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":7},{"label":"read-button","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":7},{"label":"print","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"loop-end","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":10,"english_start":10}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"ruby":{"code":"serial_begin(9600)\npin_mode(7, :input_pullup)\nloop do\n pot = analog_read(:A5)\n d7 = digital_read(7) == :low ? 1 : 0\n puts \"pot:\", pot, \",d7:\", d7\n sleep 0.03\nend","links":[{"label":"start serial","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"configure button pin","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"repeat forever","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":10,"english_start":6},{"label":"read potentiometer","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"read button and convert","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"print values","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"wait 30 ms","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"end loop","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":10,"english_start":6}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"}}},{"slug":"ctc-01-blink","title":"Crack the Code · PRP #01 — Blink (D12)","description":"Flash the ThinkerShield's D12 LED on for one second, off for one second, forever — the first Arduino sketch.","english":"Flash an LED on pin 12 — on for one second, off for one second, forever. This is the classic \"Hello, world!\" for hardware.\n\nSet pin 12 as an output.\n\nForever:\n Turn pin 12 on (HIGH).\n Wait one second.\n Turn pin 12 off (LOW).\n Wait one second.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"void setup() { // runs once when you press reset or power the board\n pinMode(12, OUTPUT); // make digital pin 12 an output\n}\n\nvoid loop() { // runs over and over again, forever\n digitalWrite(12, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)\n delay(1000); // wait for one second (1000 milliseconds)\n digitalWrite(12, LOW); // turn the LED off (LOW)\n delay(1000); // wait for one second\n}\n","links":[],"structure":null},"ruby":{"code":"require 'pi_piper'\nled = PiPiper::Pin.new(pin: 12, direction: :out)\nloop do\n led.on\n sleep 1\n led.off\n sleep 1\nend","links":[{"label":"setup","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"setup","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"loop","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"loop","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"loop","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":9,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const { Gpio } = require('onoff');\nconst led = new Gpio(12, 'out');\nconst wait = ms => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));\nconst blink = async () => {\n led.writeSync(1);\n await wait(1000);\n led.writeSync(0);\n await wait(1000);\n};\nsetInterval(() => {\n blink().catch(err => console.error(err));\n}, 2000);\n\nprocess.on('SIGINT', () => {\n led.writeSync(0);\n led.unexport();\n process.exit(0);\n});","links":[{"label":"setup","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"helper","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"function","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"function_body","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"function_body","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"function_body","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"function_body","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"function_end","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"cleanup","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"cleanup","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"cleanup","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"cleanup","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"cleanup","code_end":18,"code_start":18,"english_end":9,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"blink\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":9,\"summary\":\"Turn the LED on, wait one second, turn it off, then wait one second.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":7},{\"english_start\":9,\"english_end\":9}]}]}"},"python":{"code":"import time\nimport RPi.GPIO as GPIO\n\nGPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)\nGPIO.setup(12, GPIO.OUT)\ntry:\n while True:\n GPIO.output(12, GPIO.HIGH)\n time.sleep(1)\n GPIO.output(12, GPIO.LOW)\n time.sleep(1)\nfinally:\n GPIO.cleanup()\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n pass","links":[{"label":"import","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"import","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"loop","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"output_high","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":6,"english_start":6},{"label":"sleep","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"output_low","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"sleep","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"cleanup","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"cleanup","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"entry","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":9,"english_start":5},{"label":"entry","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":9,"english_start":5}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"}}},{"slug":"ctc-02-button","title":"Crack the Code · PRP #02 — Button → LED (D7 → D12)","description":"Use the ThinkerShield's pushbutton on D7 to switch the D12 LED on and off — digitalRead and an if/else.","english":"Light the LED on pin 12 while the pushbutton on pin 7 is pressed; turn it off when the button is released.\n\nCall pin 7 \"buttonPin\" and pin 12 \"ledPin\". Keep an integer \"buttonState\" for the current button reading, starting at 0.\n\nSet ledPin as an output and buttonPin as an input.\n\nForever:\n Read buttonPin into buttonState.\n If buttonState is HIGH (the button is pressed): turn ledPin on.\n Otherwise: turn ledPin off.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"int buttonPin = 7; // the pushbutton is on pin D7 of the ThinkerShield\nint ledPin = 12; // the LED is on pin D12\nint buttonState = 0; // variable for reading the pushbutton's state\n\nvoid setup() {\n pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // the LED pin is an output\n pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT); // the button pin is an input\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin); // read the button\n if (buttonState == HIGH) { // is it pressed?\n digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // yes -> LED on\n } else {\n digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // no -> LED off\n }\n}\n","links":[],"structure":null},"python":{"code":"from machine import Pin\nbuttonPin = Pin(7, Pin.IN)\nledPin = Pin(12, Pin.OUT)\nbuttonState = 0\n\nwhile True:\n buttonState = buttonPin.value()\n if buttonState == 1:\n ledPin.value(1)\n else:\n ledPin.value(0)","links":[{"label":"import","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"declaration","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"declaration","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"declaration","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"loop","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"assignment","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"if","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"then","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"else","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"else_body","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":10,"english_start":10}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"ruby":{"code":"buttonPin = 7\nledPin = 12\nbuttonState = 0\npin_mode(ledPin, OUTPUT)\npin_mode(buttonPin, INPUT)\nloop do\nbuttonState = digital_read(buttonPin)\nif buttonState == HIGH\ndigital_write(ledPin, HIGH)\nelse\ndigital_write(ledPin, LOW)\nend","links":[{"label":"assignment","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"assignment","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"assignment","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"statement","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"control","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":10,"english_start":7},{"label":"statement","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"control","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"control","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"statement","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"control","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":10,"english_start":7}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const { Board, Led, Button } = require('johnny-five');\nconst buttonPin = 7;\nconst ledPin = 12;\nlet buttonState = 0;\nconst board = new Board();\nboard.on('ready', () => {\n const led = new Led(ledPin);\n const button = new Button(buttonPin);\n const updateLed = () => {\n buttonState = button.isPressed ? 1 : 0;\n if (buttonState === 1) {\n led.on();\n } else {\n led.off();\n };\n setInterval(updateLed, 10);\n});","links":[{"label":"import hardware library","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"set button pin","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"set led pin","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"initialize button state","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"create board","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"board ready handler","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"configure led as output","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"configure button as input","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"start loop","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":10,"english_start":8},{"label":"read button state","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"pressed branch","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"turn led on","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"released branch","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"turn led off","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"end loop","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":10,"english_start":7},{"label":"repeat forever","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":10,"english_start":7},{"label":"close board ready handler","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":10,"english_start":7}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"updateLed\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":10,\"summary\":\"Reads the button state and turns the LED on while pressed, otherwise off.\",\"calls\":[]}]}"}}},{"slug":"ctc-03-int","title":"Crack the Code · PRP #02 — The int command","description":"Blink, rewritten to give pin 12 the name LED with the int command — clearer code, and you only change a pin in one place.","english":"Blink the LED — but give pin 12 a name first, so the rest of the code reads more clearly and you only have one place to change if the wiring moves.\n\nCall pin 12 \"LED\".\n\nSet LED as an output.\n\nForever:\n Turn LED on.\n Wait one second.\n Turn LED off.\n Wait one second.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"python":{"code":"LED = 12\nprint(\"Set LED as an output.\")\nwhile True:\n print(\"Turn LED on.\")\n time.sleep(1)\n print(\"Turn LED off.\")\n time.sleep(1)","links":[{"label":"assign name to pin 12","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"set LED as output","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"forever loop","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"turn LED on","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"wait one second","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"turn LED off","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"wait one second","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":11,"english_start":11}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"ruby":{"code":"# Blink the LED, but give pin 12 a name first, so the rest of the code reads more clearly and you only have one place to change if the wiring moves.\nLED = 12\n# Set LED as an output.\nloop do\n puts \"LED on\"\n sleep 1\n puts \"LED off\"\n sleep 1\nend","links":[{"label":"comment","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"constant","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"comment","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop_start","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"on","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"wait_on","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"off","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"wait_off","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":11,"english_start":11}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const { Board, Led } = require('johnny-five');\nconst LED_PIN = 12;\nconst board = new Board();\nboard.on('ready', () => {\n const LED = new Led(LED_PIN);\n LED.on();\n setInterval(() => {\n LED.on();\n setTimeout(() => {\n LED.off();\n setTimeout(() => {\n }, 1000);\n }, 1000);\n }, 2000);\n});","links":[{"label":"import hardware library","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"name pin 12","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"create board","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"forever setup start","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"create led from named pin","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"set led as output and initial state","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"forever loop start","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":11,"english_start":7},{"label":"turn led on","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":11,"english_start":8},{"label":"wait one second before turning off","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"turn led off","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"wait one second before next cycle","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"end wait","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"end off delay","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"repeat forever","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":11,"english_start":7},{"label":"close board ready handler","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":11,"english_start":7}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"cpp":{"code":"int LED = 12; // call pin 12 \"LED\" for the rest of this sketch\n\nvoid setup() {\n pinMode(LED, OUTPUT); // make the LED pin an output\n}\n\nvoid loop() { // runs over and over again, forever\n digitalWrite(LED, HIGH); // turn the LED on\n delay(1000); // wait for one second\n digitalWrite(LED, LOW); // turn the LED off\n delay(1000); // wait for one second\n}\n","links":[],"structure":null}}},{"slug":"ctc-05-analog-input","title":"Crack the Code · PRP #03 — Analog input (A5 → blink rate)","description":"Read the ThinkerShield's potentiometer on A5 with analogRead, use the value to set the LED's blink rate, and print it to the Serial Monitor.","english":"Read the potentiometer on analog pin A5, use its value to set the blink rate of the LED on pin 12, and print the reading to the serial port.\n\nCall A5 \"sensorPin\" and pin 12 \"ledPin\". Keep an integer \"sensorValue\" for the latest reading, starting at 0.\n\nSet ledPin as an output. Start the serial connection at 9600 baud so we can print the sensor value.\n\nForever:\n Read the analog value on sensorPin into sensorValue (it'll be 0 to 1023).\n Turn the LED on.\n Wait sensorValue milliseconds.\n Turn the LED off.\n Wait sensorValue milliseconds again.\n Print \"The sensor value is: \" followed by sensorValue to the serial port.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"int sensorPin = A5; // the potentiometer (POT A5) on the ThinkerShield\nint ledPin = 12; // the LED on pin D12\nint sensorValue = 0; // variable to store the value from the sensor\n\nvoid setup() {\n pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // the LED pin is an output\n Serial.begin(9600); // start serial so we can print the sensor value\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the knob (0 to 1023)\n digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // LED on\n delay(sensorValue); // wait — bigger value, longer wait\n digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // LED off\n delay(sensorValue); // wait again\n Serial.print(\"The sensor value is: \");\n Serial.println(sensorValue); // print the value to the Serial Monitor\n}\n","links":[],"structure":null},"python":{"code":"sensorPin = 'A5'\nledPin = 12\nsensorValue = 0\n\nimport random\nimport time\n\ndef serial_begin(baud):\n pass\n\nserial_begin(9600)\n\nwhile True:\n sensorValue = random.randint(0, 1023)\n print(f'LED on pin {ledPin} ON')\n time.sleep(sensorValue / 1000.0)\n print(f'LED on pin {ledPin} OFF')\n time.sleep(sensorValue / 1000.0)\n print(f'The sensor value is: {sensorValue}')","links":[{"label":"assignment","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"assignment","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"assignment","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"import","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"import","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"function","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"function_body","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"call","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":13,"english_start":7},{"label":"assignment","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"print","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"sleep","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"print","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"sleep","code_end":18,"code_start":18,"english_end":12,"english_start":12},{"label":"print","code_end":19,"code_start":19,"english_end":13,"english_start":13}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"serial_begin\",\"params\":[\"baud\"],\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":5,\"summary\":\"Placeholder for starting the serial connection.\",\"calls\":[]}]}"},"ruby":{"code":"sensorPin = :A5\nledPin = 12\nsensorValue = 0\npinMode(ledPin, :output)\nserialBegin(9600)\nloop do\n sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin)\n digitalWrite(ledPin, :high)\n sleep(sensorValue / 1000.0)\n digitalWrite(ledPin, :low)\n sleep(sensorValue / 1000.0)\n serialPrintln(\"The sensor value is: #{sensorValue}\")\nend","links":[{"label":"assignment","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"assignment","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"assignment","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"statement","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"statement","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop_start","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":13,"english_start":7},{"label":"statement","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"statement","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"statement","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":12,"english_start":12},{"label":"statement","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":13,"english_start":13},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":13,"english_start":7}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const sensorPin = 'A5';\nconst ledPin = 12;\nlet sensorValue = 0;\n\nconst sleep = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));\n\nconsole.log('Serial started at 9600 baud');\nconsole.log(`Pin ${ledPin} set as output`);\n(async () => {\n while (true) {\n sensorValue = Math.floor(Math.random() * 1024);\n console.log(`LED ${ledPin} ON`);\n await sleep(sensorValue);\n console.log(`LED ${ledPin} OFF`);\n await sleep(sensorValue);\n console.log(`The sensor value is: ${sensorValue}`);\n }\n})();","links":[{"label":"declaration","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":1,"english_start":1},{"label":"declaration","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"declaration","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"helper","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"setup","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"setup","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop_start","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":13,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"read_sensor","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"led_on","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"delay","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"led_off","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"delay","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":12,"english_start":12},{"label":"print","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":13,"english_start":13},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":13,"english_start":8},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":18,"code_start":18,"english_end":13,"english_start":7}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"}}},{"slug":"ctc-07-buzzer1","title":"Crack the Code · PRP #04 — Buzzer (D3)","description":"Beep the ThinkerShield's piezo buzzer on D3 with the tone(pin, frequency, duration) command.","english":"Beep the piezo buzzer on pin 3 a few times a second, forever.\n\nCall pin 3 \"buzzerPin\".\n\nSet buzzerPin as an output.\n\nForever:\n Play a 600 Hz tone on buzzerPin for 30 milliseconds.\n Wait 150 milliseconds before repeating.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"int buzzerPin = 3; // the piezo buzzer is on pin D3 of the ThinkerShield\n\nvoid setup() {\n pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT); // the buzzer pin is an output\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n tone(buzzerPin, 600, 30); // play a 600 Hz tone for 30 ms...\n delay(150); // ...then wait 150 ms before repeating\n}\n","links":[],"structure":null},"python":{"code":"buzzerPin = 3\nfrom machine import Pin, PWM\nbuzzerPin = Pin(buzzerPin, Pin.OUT)\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n while True:\n buzzer = PWM(buzzerPin)\n buzzer.freq(600)\n buzzer.duty_u16(32768)\n import time\n time.sleep_ms(30)\n buzzer.deinit()\n time.sleep_ms(150)","links":[{"label":"assignment","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"import","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"setup_pin","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"entry_point","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"tone_setup","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"tone_freq","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"tone_on","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"import_time","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"tone_duration","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"tone_off","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"pause","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":9}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"ruby":{"code":"buzzerPin = 3\npinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT)\nloop do\n tone(buzzerPin, 600, 30)\n sleep 0.15\nend","links":[{"label":"declare buzzer pin","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"set pin as output","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"start forever loop","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"play tone","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"wait before repeating","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"end forever loop","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":9,"english_start":7}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const buzzerPin = 3;\nconsole.log(`Setting buzzerPin (${buzzerPin}) as an output.`);\nconst sleep = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));\nconst playTone = async () => {\n console.log(`Playing a 600 Hz tone on buzzerPin for 30 milliseconds.`);\n await sleep(30);\n};\n\n(async () => {\n while (true) {\n await playTone();\n await sleep(150);\n }\n})();","links":[{"label":"declare buzzer pin","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"set pin as output","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"sleep helper","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":9,"english_start":8},{"label":"start tone function","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"tone on message","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"tone duration","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"end tone function","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"start forever loop","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":9,"english_start":7},{"label":"infinite loop","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":9,"english_start":7},{"label":"play tone each cycle","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":9,"english_start":7},{"label":"wait between tones","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":9,"english_start":7},{"label":"close infinite loop","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":9,"english_start":7},{"label":"run forever loop","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":9,"english_start":7}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"sleep\",\"params\":[\"ms\"],\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":9,\"summary\":\"Wait for the given number of milliseconds.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":9}]},{\"name\":\"playTone\",\"params\":[],\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":8,\"summary\":\"Log a 600 Hz buzzer tone action and hold it for 30 milliseconds.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":8,\"english_end\":9}]}]}"}}},{"slug":"ctc-08-buzzer2-alarm","title":"Crack the Code · PRP #04 — Two-tone alarm","description":"Alternate a low tone and a high tone so the buzzer sounds like an alarm — a drop-in alarm sounder for the design project.","english":"Make the piezo buzzer on pin 3 sound like a two-tone alarm — alternating a low tone and a high tone, half a second each.\n\nKeep an integer lowTone equal to 400 (Hz) and an integer highTone equal to 600 (Hz). Use a constant ALARMSOUNDER to remember the buzzer is on pin 3.\n\nSet ALARMSOUNDER as an output.\n\nForever:\n Play the low tone on ALARMSOUNDER for 500 milliseconds.\n Wait 500 milliseconds.\n Play the high tone on ALARMSOUNDER for 500 milliseconds.\n Wait 500 milliseconds.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"python":{"code":"from time import sleep\n\nlowTone = 400\nhighTone = 600\nALARMSOUNDER = 3\n\ndef set_output(pin):\n pass\n\nwhile True:\n print(f\"tone {lowTone} Hz on pin {ALARMSOUNDER}\")\n sleep(0.5)\n print(f\"tone {highTone} Hz on pin {ALARMSOUNDER}\")\n sleep(0.5)","links":[{"label":"import","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"assign","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"assign","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"assign","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function_def","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"function_body","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":11,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"statement","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"statement","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":10,"english_start":10}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"set_output\",\"params\":[\"pin\"],\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":5,\"summary\":\"Placeholder for setting the buzzer pin as an output.\",\"calls\":[]}]}"},"ruby":{"code":"ALARMSOUNDER = 3\nlowTone = 400\nhighTone = 600\n\nputs \"Set pin #{ALARMSOUNDER} as an output\"\n\nloop do\n puts \"Playing low tone #{lowTone} Hz on pin #{ALARMSOUNDER} for 500 ms\"\n sleep 0.5\n puts \"Playing high tone #{highTone} Hz on pin #{ALARMSOUNDER} for 500 ms\"\n sleep 0.5\nend","links":[{"label":"constant","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"variable","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"variable","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"output","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop_start","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":11,"english_start":7},{"label":"action","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"wait","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":9,"english_start":8},{"label":"action","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"wait","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":11,"english_start":10},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":11,"english_start":11}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const ALARMSOUNDER = 3;\nconst lowTone = 400;\nconst highTone = 600;\npinMode(ALARMSOUNDER, OUTPUT);\nsetInterval(() => {\n tone(ALARMSOUNDER, lowTone, 500);\n setTimeout(() => {\n tone(ALARMSOUNDER, highTone, 500);\n }, 500);\n}, 1000);","links":[{"label":"declaration","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"declaration","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"declaration","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop_start","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":11,"english_start":7},{"label":"low_tone","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"delay_start","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"high_tone","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"delay_end","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"loop_end","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":11,"english_start":11}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"cpp":{"code":"int lowTone = 400;\nint highTone = 600;\nconst int ALARMSOUNDER = 3; // the buzzer is on pin D3\n\nvoid setup() {\n pinMode(ALARMSOUNDER, OUTPUT);\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n tone(ALARMSOUNDER, lowTone, 500); // low tone for half a second\n delay(500);\n tone(ALARMSOUNDER, highTone, 500); // high tone for half a second\n delay(500);\n}\n","links":[],"structure":null}}},{"slug":"ctc-09-buzzer3-sweep","title":"Crack the Code · PRP #04 extension — Tone sweep with a for loop","description":"Use a for loop to sweep the buzzer's tone smoothly up and back down — for loops are beyond the core unit, so this is an extension.","english":"Sweep the piezo buzzer's pitch smoothly up and back down, forever, using a for loop.\n\nUse a constant ALARMSOUNDER to remember the buzzer is on pin 3. Keep an integer i starting at 200.\n\nSet ALARMSOUNDER as an output.\n\nForever:\n For i from 200 up to (but not including) 700, stepping up by 2 each time:\n Play the tone i Hz on ALARMSOUNDER for 10 milliseconds.\n Wait 10 milliseconds.\n For i from 701 back down to (but not including) 200, stepping down by 2 each time:\n Play the tone i Hz on ALARMSOUNDER for 10 milliseconds.\n Wait 10 milliseconds.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"cpp":{"code":"int i = 200;\nconst int ALARMSOUNDER = 3; // the buzzer is on pin D3\n\nvoid setup() {\n pinMode(ALARMSOUNDER, OUTPUT);\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n for (i = 200; i < 700; i = i + 2) { // sweep from a low tone up to a high tone\n tone(ALARMSOUNDER, i, 10); // play the tone, changing every 10 ms\n delay(10);\n }\n for (i = 701; i > 200; i = i - 2) { // sweep back down\n tone(ALARMSOUNDER, i, 10);\n delay(10);\n }\n}\n","links":[],"structure":null},"python":{"code":"from machine import Pin, PWM\n\nALARMSOUNDER = 3\ni = 200\nbuzzer = PWM(Pin(ALARMSOUNDER))\nbuzzer.duty_u16(32768)\n\nwhile True:\n for i in range(200, 700, 2):\n buzzer.freq(i)\n import time; time.sleep(0.01)\n for i in range(701, 200, -2):\n buzzer.freq(i)\n import time; time.sleep(0.01)","links":[{"label":"import","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"constant","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"initialize","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"setup","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"setup","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"loop","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"up_sweep","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":10,"english_start":8},{"label":"tone","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":10,"english_start":9},{"label":"wait","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":10,"english_start":9},{"label":"down_sweep","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":13,"english_start":11},{"label":"tone","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":13,"english_start":12},{"label":"wait","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":13,"english_start":12}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"ruby":{"code":"ALARMSOUNDER = 3\ni = 200\npin_mode(ALARMSOUNDER, :output)\nloop do\n (200...700).step(2) do |i|\n tone(ALARMSOUNDER, i, 10)\n sleep(0.01)\n end\n (701...200).step(-2) do |i|\n tone(ALARMSOUNDER, i, 10)\n sleep(0.01)\n end\nend","links":[{"label":"declare constant","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"initialize counter","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"set output mode","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"forever loop start","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":7,"english_start":7},{"label":"rising sweep loop","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"play tone","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":9,"english_start":9},{"label":"wait","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":10,"english_start":10},{"label":"end rising sweep loop","code_end":8,"code_start":8,"english_end":8,"english_start":8},{"label":"falling sweep loop","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"play tone","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":12,"english_start":12},{"label":"wait","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":13,"english_start":13},{"label":"end falling sweep loop","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":11,"english_start":11},{"label":"forever loop end","code_end":13,"code_start":13,"english_end":7,"english_start":7}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[]}"},"javascript":{"code":"const ALARMSOUNDER = 3;\nlet i = 200;\nconst setOutput = (pin) => {\n console.log(`Set pin ${pin} as output`);\n};\nsetOutput(ALARMSOUNDER);\nconst sleep = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));\n\nconst playTone = async (pin, frequency, duration) => {\n console.log(`Play tone ${frequency} Hz on pin ${pin} for ${duration} ms`);\n await sleep(duration);\n};\n\n(async () => {\n for (i = 200; i < 700; i += 2) {\n await playTone(ALARMSOUNDER, i, 10);\n await sleep(10);\n }\n for (i = 701; i >= 200; i -= 2) {\n await playTone(ALARMSOUNDER, i, 10);\n await sleep(10);\n }\n})();","links":[{"label":"declaration","code_end":1,"code_start":1,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"declaration","code_end":2,"code_start":2,"english_end":3,"english_start":3},{"label":"function","code_end":3,"code_start":3,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"statement","code_end":4,"code_start":4,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"function_end","code_end":5,"code_start":5,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"call","code_end":6,"code_start":6,"english_end":5,"english_start":5},{"label":"helper","code_end":7,"code_start":7,"english_end":13,"english_start":7},{"label":"function","code_end":9,"code_start":9,"english_end":13,"english_start":7},{"label":"statement","code_end":10,"code_start":10,"english_end":12,"english_start":9},{"label":"statement","code_end":11,"code_start":11,"english_end":13,"english_start":7},{"label":"function_end","code_end":12,"code_start":12,"english_end":13,"english_start":7},{"label":"loop","code_end":14,"code_start":14,"english_end":13,"english_start":7},{"label":"for_up","code_end":15,"code_start":15,"english_end":10,"english_start":8},{"label":"tone","code_end":16,"code_start":16,"english_end":10,"english_start":9},{"label":"wait","code_end":17,"code_start":17,"english_end":10,"english_start":9},{"label":"for_end","code_end":18,"code_start":18,"english_end":10,"english_start":8},{"label":"for_down","code_end":19,"code_start":19,"english_end":13,"english_start":11},{"label":"tone","code_end":20,"code_start":20,"english_end":13,"english_start":12},{"label":"wait","code_end":21,"code_start":21,"english_end":13,"english_start":12},{"label":"for_end","code_end":22,"code_start":22,"english_end":13,"english_start":11},{"label":"end","code_end":23,"code_start":23,"english_end":13,"english_start":7}],"structure":"{\"functions\":[{\"name\":\"setOutput\",\"params\":[\"pin\"],\"english_start\":5,\"english_end\":5,\"summary\":\"Marks the buzzer pin as output.\",\"calls\":[]},{\"name\":\"sleep\",\"params\":[\"ms\"],\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":13,\"summary\":\"Returns a promise that resolves after a delay.\",\"calls\":[]},{\"name\":\"playTone\",\"params\":[\"pin\",\"frequency\",\"duration\"],\"english_start\":9,\"english_end\":12,\"summary\":\"Logs a tone playback and waits for its duration.\",\"calls\":[{\"english_start\":7,\"english_end\":13}]}]}"}}},{"slug":"ctc-10-alarm-basic","title":"Crack the Code · Design project — Basic box alarm","description":"Worked model for the design brief: a switch on the box arms the alarm after a short exit delay; opening the box flashes an LED and sounds the buzzer.","english":"A simple box alarm. After a short exit delay the alarm arms itself with a double-beep. When the box is opened (the switch on pin 7 reads LOW) the alarm triggers — the LED on pin 13 lights up and the buzzer alternates between two tones, forever.\n\nCall pin 7 \"sensorPin\" (the switch on the box), pin 13 \"flashPin\" (the LED that lights up when the alarm sounds), and pin 3 \"buzzerPin\". Keep an integer Status starting at 0 (0 = exit delay, 1 = armed, 2 = triggered), and an integer sensor starting at 0 for the current sensor reading.\n\nSet sensorPin as an input, and flashPin and buzzerPin as outputs.\n\nForever:\n If Status is 0 — first time through the loop, so arm the alarm:\n Wait 3 seconds (gives you 3 seconds to close the box).\n Play a 725 Hz tone on buzzerPin for 40 ms.\n Wait 200 ms.\n Play another 725 Hz tone on buzzerPin for 40 ms — a double-beep that confirms it's armed.\n Set Status to 1.\n\n If Status is 1: read sensorPin into the sensor variable.\n\n If sensor is 0 (the box has been opened): set Status to 2.\n\n If Status is 2 — triggered, so flash the LED and sound the alarm:\n Turn flashPin on (HIGH).\n Play a 725 Hz tone on buzzerPin for 1000 milliseconds.\n Wait 1000 milliseconds.\n Play a 330 Hz tone on buzzerPin for 1000 milliseconds.\n Wait 1000 milliseconds.\n","app_html":"","settings":{},"by_lang":{"python":{"code":"from time import sleep\nfrom gpiozero import DigitalInputDevice, LED, TonalBuzzer, Tone\n\nsensorPin = DigitalInputDevice(7, pull_up=True)\nflashPin = LED(13)\nbuzzerPin = TonalBuzzer(3)\nStatus = 0\nsensor = 0\nsensorPin.close()\nflashPin.close()\nbuzzerPin.close()\nsensorPin = DigitalInputDevice(7, pull_up=True)\nflashPin = LED(13)\nbuzzerPin = TonalBuzzer(3)\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n while True:\n if Status == 0:\n sleep(3)\n buzzerPin.play(Tone(725))\n sleep(0.04)\n buzzerPin.stop()\n sleep(0.2)\n buzzerPin.play(Tone(725))\n sleep(0.04)\n buzzerPin.stop()\n Status = 1\n if Status == 1:\n sensor = 0 if sensorPin.value else 1\n if sensor == 0:\n Status = 2\n if Status == 2:\n flashPin.on()\n buzzerPin.play(Tone(725))\n sleep(1)\n buzzerPin.stop()\n sleep(1)\n buzzerPin.play(Tone(330))\n sleep(1)\n buzzerPin.stop()\n 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sensorPin = 7; // the sensor (a switch on the box) connects to pin 7\nint flashPin = 13; // an LED that lights up when the alarm sounds\nint buzzerPin = 3; // the buzzer connects to pin 3\nint Status = 0; // 0 = exit delay, 1 = armed, 2 = triggered\nint sensor = 0; // the current sensor reading\n\nvoid setup() {\n pinMode(sensorPin, INPUT);\n pinMode(flashPin, OUTPUT);\n pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n if (Status == 0) { // first time through the loop — arm the alarm\n delay(3000); // gives you 3 seconds to close the box\n tone(buzzerPin, 725, 40); // a short beep...\n delay(200);\n tone(buzzerPin, 725, 40); // ...and another, so it double-beeps when armed\n Status = 1; // armed — don't run this block again\n }\n if (Status == 1) {\n sensor = digitalRead(sensorPin); // read the switch\n }\n if (sensor == 0) { // the box has been opened\n Status = 2;\n }\n if (Status == 2) { // triggered — flash the LED and sound the alarm\n digitalWrite(flashPin, HIGH);\n 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